plural

1. Regular
General rule: singular + S: girl - girls boy - boys Nouns ending in -S, -SS, -SH, -CH, -X get -ES: box - boxes bus - buses Some nouns ending in -O behind a consonant get -ES: potato - potatoes tomato - tomatoes Nouns ending in -Y behind a consonant change -Y into -IES: lady - ladies baby - babies Some nouns ending in -F or -FE change -F(E) into -VES: knife - knives wife - wives
2. Irregular: learn them by heart!
man foot woman tooth goose mouse louse child penny	men feet women teeth geese mice lice children pence
3. Always singular, always plural
Some nouns are always plural: clothes, jeans, trousers, shorts, people, police, glasses, scissors, mathematics Some nouns (abstract, materials, kinds of food) are always singular: bread, tea, cheese, jam, soup, soap, snow, cotton, wood, water, information, advice, knowledge, furniture Some nouns have the same form for singular and plural: Names of kind of fish: cod, herring, salmon, trout, ... Names of some animals: deer, sheep, swine, ...

Grammar guide- possessive adjective

1. Form and examples
my your his her its our your their	My name is Sean. What's your dog's name? Is this his car? Her car is a Mini. Its nest is high in the tree. Are our parents at home? Your tests are good. Their rooms are nice.

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Possessive

1. Possessive

To make the genitive of nouns of people or animals we add 's My mother's hobby is surfing. The yellow one is my dad's car. To plural of nouns of people or animals ending in -s we add ' (apostrophe) The cats' food is in the kitchen. Where is the ladies' room? To proper nouns (name) ending in a sibilant (=sound like an S) we add an 's Prince Charles's wedding was in 1981. We walked through St James's park.

No S sound at the end  S sound at the end   Nouns 's '   Names 's 's

personal pronouns

1. Subject pronouns
I you he she it we you they	refers to the speaker refers to the person spoken to refers to a male person refers to a female person refers to a thing or an animal refers to the speaker and one or more persons refers to the people spoken to refers to people or things
2. Object pronouns
me you him her it us you them	refers to the speaker refers to the person spoken to refers to a male person refers to a female person refers to a thing or an animal refers to the speaker and one or more persons refers to the people spoken to refers to people or things

The definite article is THE

1. Sounds

The definite article is THE. It is used for singular and plural. The pronunciation differs before a vowel or consonant. The difference depends on the sound of the vowels and consonants, not the spelling.

2. Examples

THE / ð¶ /   THE / ði: /   a teacher a peach a woman a house a man a useful book a university a European an English teacher an orange an old woman an hour an honest man an heir an honour an Irish person Explanation of the symbols: these symbols help you to use the correct pronunciation. / ð¶ / You pronounce / ð / it like th in these. You pronounce the / ¶ / like e in answer / ði: / You pronounce / ð / it like th in these. You pronounce the / i: / like ee in see

3. Use

THE is used before names of instruments: I play the piano. My sisters play the violin. My teacher plays the guitar.

Don't put THE before names of meals, except when we talk about a particular meal: Dinner is served. What time do you have lunch. BUT: The dinner we had yesterday was delicious.

Don't put THE before names of seasons, except when we talk about a particular season: We have a long holiday in summer. Flowers bloom in spring. BUT: The winter of 1966 was the coldest in history.

No THE before names of mountains: Mount Everest is 8,862 metres high. We stood on top of Etna.

No THE before abstract nouns used in general use: I love nature.

grammar guide: The indefinite articles are A or AN

1. Sounds

The indefinite articles are A or AN. We use A before a consonant-sound. We use AN before a vowel-sound. The difference depends on the sound of the vowels and consonants, not the spelling!

2. Examples

a teacher a peach a woman a house a man a useful book a university a European an English teacher an orange an old woman an hour an honest man an heir an honour an Irish person

3. Use

A or AN is used before names of professions: He is a painter. My sister is studying to be a doctor. It's really nice to be a student.

A is used before words like couple, dozen, hundred, thousand, million, ...: A couple of years ago I was living in Britain. There were a thousand people in the stadium.

A or AN means 'every' or 'each' in some expressions of time, speed, price,...: She visits me twice a year. He drives 50 miles an hour.

Don't put A or AN before uncountables: I don't like milk. Silence is golden. We're having soup for lunch.

grammar guide: verb to have

1. Affirmative sentences
Full forms	Contracted forms
I have got You have got He has got She has got It has got We have got You have got They have got	I 've got You 've got He 's got She 's got It 's got We 've got You 've got They 've got
2. Negative sentences
Full forms	Contracted forms
I have not got You have not got He has not got She has not got It has not got We have not got You have not got They have not got	I haven't got You haven't got He hasn't got She hasn't got It hasn't got We haven't got You haven't got They haven't got
3. Interrogative sentences + short answers
Interrogative	Positive answers	Negative answers
Have I got ? Have you got ? Has he got ? Has she got ? Has it got ? Have we got ? Have you got ? Have they got ?	Yes, I have. Yes, you have. Yes, he has. Yes, she has. Yes, it has. Yes, we have. Yes, you have. Yes, they have.	No, I haven't. No, you haven't. No, he hasn't. No, she hasn't. No, it hasn't. No, we haven't. No, you haven't. No, they haven't.

grammar guide: verb to be

1. Affirmative sentences
Full forms	Contracted forms
I am You are He is She is It is We are They are You are	I'm You're He's She's It's We 're They 're You 're
2. Negative sentences
Full forms	Contracted forms
I am not You are not He is not She is not It is not We are not They are not You are not	I 'm not You aren't He isn't She isn't It isn't We aren't They aren't You aren't
3. Interrogative sentences + short answers
Interrogative	Positive answers	Negative answers
Am I? Are you? Is he? Is she? Is it? Are we? Are they? Are you?	Yes, I am. Yes, you are. Yes, he is. Yes, she is. Yes, it is. Yes, we are. Yes, they are. Yes, you are.	No, I 'm not. No, you aren't. No, he isn't. No, she isn't. No, it isn't. No, we aren't. No, they aren't. No, you aren't.

ABC English dictionary

here is an English dictionary for Abc . it contains many words

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